Amur Leopard Facts

Amur Leopard Facts The Far Eastern or Amur leopard (Panthera pardus orientalis) is one of the worlds most endangered cats. It is a solitary, nocturnal leopard with a wild population estimated at over 84 individuals who mostly reside in the Amur River basin of eastern Russia with a few scattered in neighboring China and in a relatively new refuge established in 2012. They are particularly vulnerable to extinction because Amur leopards have the lowest levels of genetic variation of any leopard subspecies. Fast Facts: Amur Leopard Scientific Name: Panthera pardus orientalisCommon Names: Amurland leopard, Far Eastern leopard,  Manchurian leopard, Korean leopardBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 25–31 inches at the shoulder, 42–54 inches longWeight: 70–110 poundsLifespan: 10–15  yearsDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  Primorye region of southeastern Russia and northern ChinaPopulation:  More than 80Conservation  Status: Critically Endangered Description The Amur leopard is a subspecies of leopard with a thick coat of long, dense hair varying in color from creamy yellow to rusty orange, depending on their habitat. Amur leopards in the snowier Amur River Basin of Russia develop lighter coats in the winter and tend to have more cream-colored coats than their Chinese kin. Their rosettes (spots) are more widely spaced with thicker black borders than other subspecies of leopards. They also have larger legs and wider paws than other subspecies, an adaptation that facilitates movement through deep snow.   Both males and females range in height between 25 to 31 inches at the shoulder and are typically 42 to 54 inches long. Their tales measure approximately 32 inches in length. Males are typically heavier at 70 to 110 pounds while females typically weigh 55 to 75 pounds.   Thomas Kitchin Victoria Hurst​/Getty Images Habitat and Range Amur leopards can survive in temperate forest and mountain regions, keeping mostly to south-facing rocky slopes in winter (where less snow accumulates). Individuals territories can range from 19 to 120 square miles, depending upon age, sex, and prey density- the latter of which has greatly diminished in recent years, though they are on increase in protected areas. Historically, Amur leopards have been found in eastern China, southeastern Russia, and throughout the Korean Peninsula. The first known documentation was a skin found by German zoologist Hermann Schlegel in 1857 in Korea.  More recently, the few remaining leopards are scattered throughout approximately 1,200 square miles in the area where the borders of Russia, China, and North Korea meet the Sea of Japan. Today, Amur leopards are increasing in numbers, due to the creation of protected areas and other conservation efforts. Diet and Behavior The Amur leopard is a strictly carnivorous predator that primarily hunts roe and sika deer but will also eat wild boar, Manchurian wapiti, musk deer, and moose. It will opportunistically prey on hares, badgers, raccoon dogs, fowl, mice, and even young Eurasian black bears. Reproduction and Offspring Amur leopards reach reproductive maturity between the ages of two and three years. Females estrus period last from 12 to 18 days with gestation taking approximately 90 to 95 days. Cubs are typically born from the end of March through May and weigh a little over one pound at birth. Like domestic cats, their eyes remain closed for about a week and they begin to crawl 12 to 15 days after birth. Young Amur leopards have been reported to remain with their mother for up to two years. Amur leopards have been known to live for up to 21 years in captivity, though their lifespan in the wild is typically 10 to 15 years. Kuzmichstudio/Getty Images Conservation Status According to the World Wildlife Fund, Amur leopards received a safe haven in 2012 when the government of Russia declared a new protected area. Called Land of the Leopard National Park, this marked a major effort to save the world’s rarest cat. Extending nearly 650,000 acres it includes all of the Amur leopard’s breeding areas and about 60 percent of the critically endangered cat’s remaining habitat. In addition, conservationists have been successful in reducing illegal and unsustainable logging practices and facilitating trade between companies committed to responsible forestry practices. In 2007, WWF and other conservationists successfully lobbied the Russian government to reroute a planned oil pipeline that would have endangered the leopards habitat. The IUCN Species Survival Commission has considered Amur leopards  Critically Endangered (IUCN 1996)  since 1996. As of 2019, more than 84 individuals remain in the wild (mostly in protected areas) and 170 to 180 live in captivity. The primary causes for their low population are habitat destruction from commercial logging and farming from 1970 to 1983 and illegal poaching for fur over the last 40 years. Fortunately, conservation efforts by organizations like the World Wildlife Fund and the Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) are working to recover the species from extinction. Threats Although human interference plays a key role in Amur leopards endangered status, their low level of genetic variation due to recent dwindling population size has led to many health complications including reduced fertility.   Habitat destruction:  Between 1970 and 1983, 80 percent of the Amur leopards habitat was lost due to logging, forest fires, and agricultural land conversion projects (this loss of habitat also affected the leopards prey species, which have become increasingly scarce as well).Human Conflict:  With less wild prey to hunt, leopards have gravitated to deer farms where they have been killed by farmers.Poaching:  The Amur leopard is illegally hunted for its fur, which is sold on the black market. Habitat loss has made it easier to locate and kill leopards within the past 40 years.Small Population Size:  The Amur leopards critically low population is at risk from disease or environmental catastrophes that could wipe out all remaining individuals.Lack of Genetic Variation:  Because there are so few individual leopards left in the wild, they are subject to inbreeding. Inbred offspring are prone to health problems, including reduced fertility which further reduces the populations cha nce of survival. Though these issues are being addressed and the number of Amur leopards has increased, the species is still considered to be critically endangered. Amur Leopards and Humans The Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) works in close cooperation with local, regional, and federal organizations to protect the regions biological wealth through conservation, sustainable development, and local community involvement. They maintain four anti-poaching teams with a total of 15 members in the Amur leopard range, monitor the Amur leopard population through snow track counts and camera trap counts, restore leopard habitats, support ungulate recovery, and run a media campaign to create awareness about the Amur leopards plight. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) has established anti-poaching teams and environmental education programs to increase appreciation for the leopard among local communities within the leopards range. WWF also implements programs to stop the traffic in Amur leopard parts and to increase the population of prey species in the leopards habitat such as the 2003 Forest Conservation Programme in the Russian Far East Ecoregion Complex, the 2007 lobbying effort to reroute a planned oil pipeline, and the 2012 establishment of a large refuge for Amur leopards, tigers, and other endangered species. Sources â€Å"About the Amur Leopard.†Ã‚  About the Amur Leopard | Russian Geographical Society, www.rgo.ru/en/projects/protection-endangered-species-amur-leopard/about-amur-leopard.â€Å"Amur Leopard.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund, www.worldwildlife.org/species/amur-leopard#.â€Å"Amur Leopard-Worlds Rarest Cat-Doubles in Population.†Ã‚  WWF, World Wildlife Fund, 23 Feb. 2015, www.worldwildlife.org/stories/amur-leopard-world-s-rarest-cat-doubles-in-population.

2009 Chrysler Fiat Strategic Alliance

The company had no choice but to look for a partner. During this process, Chrysler explored the possibility of a tie-up with GM, Ford, Volkswagen, Tata Motors, Nissan and Fiat. Eventually Chrysler decided on creating a strategic alliance where Fiat agreed on taking a 20 percent stake in Chrysler. In the next five years, the tie-up may increase Fiat’s ownership of Chrysler to 35 percent. Both companies show compatibility in their product portfolios, global operations, and technology sharing areas. Case ObjectivesThe primary objective of this case is to analyze and discuss Chrysler’s 2009 strategic alliance with Fiat and its current and future prospects. Issues that are at the helm of this tie-up are technology sharing, global integration, quality control, and reorganization of brand portfolios. Students need to look at the intricacies of strategic alliances between two or more companies as well. As of May 2009, Chrysler is going through its Chapter 11 and corporate restructuring in the U. S. The company continues to shrink in terms of its manufacturing and global operations.Suggested Teaching Approach and Student Assignments Since the case is timely, it is recommended that class discussions should be based on the companies’ histories and their evolutionary growth (see Tables 2 and 3). Also important are topics such as strategic alliances, auto industry’s technology platforms, and brand portfolios. The questions included in the case for class discussion will require Web-based and library research on the part of students. It is recommended that the instructors provide a supplementary list of references on the auto industry (see: WardsAuto. om, JDPower. com, Automotive News, Google Search, Business Source Complete, Hoovers. com, Reuters. com, Value Line, Standard Poor’s Industry Surveys, etc. ). This will help students to be fully prepared for the case. Finally, students should be encouraged to visit Chrysler, Fiat, and other auto manufacturers’ Web sites before discussing this case in the classroom. Discussion Questions Answers Question 1. What are your views of the 2009 Chrysler-Fiat strategic alliance and its future prospects in the auto industry? Question 2. Analyze and evaluate Chrysler and Fiat’s strengths and weaknesses before and after their 2009 strategic alliance. Question 3. Compare and contrast Chrysler and Fiat with five other global auto manufacturers (GM, Ford, Toyota, Volkswagen and Daimler) in the areas of global operations and manufacturing issues. Question 4. Analyze Chrysler and Fiat’s brand portfolios in the world auto industry. How do you see both companies revamping and overhauling their brands in the short- (1-2 years) and long-terms (5-6 years). Question 5. What did you learn from the Chrysler-Fiat Strategic Alliance regarding managing multinationals in the changing global business? Case Analysis The Chrysler-Fiat strategic alliance will provide a meaningful opportunity to both companies regarding dealing with survival and expanding their markets in Europe and North America. As of 2009, it is evident that the companies are off to a good start. Both firms have marketable brands in their market segments but lack a collective effort. The case is a good example in the area of cross-border alliances that take place between two or more companies.Since 2008, Fiat has actively sought a partner in North America because of the attraction of the market. This is also attributed to the auto industry’s consolidation, restructuring, and cost-cutting activities. Chrysler and Fiat ended up seeking an alliance because of their compatibility, product portfolios, and markets. In Chrysler’s case, the main motive was to seek a partner who could help strengthen its financial problem regarding new technologies, markets, and quality standards.

Personal and Social Relationships Research Paper

Personal and Social Relationships - Research Paper Example On the other hand, there are some who find it hard to reveal the experiences they have had before to people around them. (Lerner, 1986) When it comes to making friends, what matters is whether you have the same kind of experience the other person has and also the readiness you have to share with the other person. At the same time, you should be willing to listen to their experience because he or she might be having a different experience other than yours or nearly the same. This is very important because it makes them feel that they are recognized by the person to whom he is sharing the same experience. Because of this he or, she will al, ways be willing to share with the same friend and this, in turn, strengthens your relationship. (Kling, 1996) On the other hand, it is easy to for one to lose a friend if you don’t give him time to share out what he has to with you. If a friend listens to you it is very important that you equally give him or the same attention. Friends are ve ry important because in time of need they will always be ready to stand for you before other people. Their company also proves to be very interesting when hanging out. (In Smelser, 1963) Some people may find it difficult to relate wi, the others because they have specific interests only in particular areas. It might be because that people around them don’t share similar interests. ...They normally meet and discuss certain issues which all of them tend to prioritize. Currently, the internet has greatly contributed to grouping these people with specific interests together. Regardless of place and time they can easily interact through the Sometimes at the early stages of a relationship it may feel easy and exciting but for a long-lasting relationship, both partners must be actively involved by giving their efforts in building the relationship. Building a good foundation is very important for a relationship and this involves respect between the partners as well as appreciating wh at your partner has done for you. For example, in couples, they always tend to appreciate whatever has been done for them even if it is something small. This may also mean taking into consideration what your partner says and then giving compliments. This makes either of the partners feel that he or she is valued in a relationship. (Brody, 1994). Furthermore, the partners in the relationship may try to discover what they both have in common so that whenever they are spending time both will be enjoying the same things. As much as people are not perfect any of the partners can make a mistake in a relationship and because of this, there must be an established way of apologizing for the mistake. This is important because it makes the other partner feel that you are responsible for the actions you did. Sometimes partner in a relationship may get a topic which they will never come to an agreement and on such occasions, both have to agree to disagree and continue with the relationship. (Mar inelli, 1999).

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States Essay

Women Rock Musician in History from the beginning in Unites States - Essay Example Rock and roll resulted from the convergence of rhythm, blues, and country musical genres plus a series of hi-tech developments, which creates an innovative market for the music. Blues are known to have developed from songs sung by African-Americans while working; they had originally been brought to the USA as slaves. While working at plantations, they used to communicate by means of â€Å"call and response,† fooling the plantation owners, saying that the music was happy though they actually used it to discuss issues about the owners; and just as rhythm and blues developed from blues, rock and roll developed from rhythm and blues (R&B). Among the great women that have made a contribution in the history rock and roll especially when it comes to playing instruments in bands or in singles included; Wanda Jackson (guitarist), Nancy Wilson (guitarist), Meg White (Pianist), Bonnie Rait (guitarist), and, other artists of today like Lady Gaga, who started playing the piano at a tender age and Taylor Swift who plays the guitar. Some of the technological advancements during the commencement of rock and roll in the 1940s included phonographs, which were initially bulky and could be damaged easily, so most people were tired of them, even though they were common. However, during the same time when rock and roll started, significant transformations were evident; the records that primarily played at 78 rpm (rounds per minute) were enhanced, and those that replaced them played at 33 and 45rpm, making them less bulky and easy to handle. American Rock (United States Rock) Women played key roles in the growth and development of the rock and roll genre, starting with early blues artists like Ma Rainey (Mother of the blues) and Bessie Smith (Vocalist from the black community), who were surprisingly the only women who recorded blues in the 1920’s, and Mother Maybelle Carter who recorded the first country music in 1927. These three plus other prominent women put on great effort towards establishing equality and basic human rights for the female gender emphasizing on the right to vote and working towards social justice (National Museum of Women Arts, 1). Moreover, other women involved in the campaign included; Ruth Brown and Lavern Baker (R&B singers), the famous rockabilly queen Wanda Jackson, Mahalia Jackson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe who mastered the guitar by the age of six, Memphis Minnie and Billie Holiday; some of who were talented and creative when it came to the different genres and were definitely trailblazers of rock and roll in the 50s. Significantly, as from 1950, rock and roll dominated most of the other music genres, making it a major force in American record sales, and crooners such as Patti Page found themselves pulled out of the pop charts due to the development and growth of rock and roll artists (Saatchi Gallery 1). Rock and roll bands and artists that dominated the pop charts during the 1950s included the Shirelles and the Supremes hence later on there were others like Janis Joplin, Grace Slick, Joni Mitchell, Carole King and Laura Nyro who ruled in the 1970s, setting a platform for the artists that are there today i.e. Carrie Underwood. Concomitantly, as rock and roll advanced, more divisions of it continued to emerge, such as surf music, which involved instrumental rock and roll, garage rock that was in the form of amateurish rock music, blues rock that often emulated jazz, folk rock that was identified with progressive or labor politics, and country rock that emulated country music. Others not so common were roots rock, psychedelic rock and southern rock, and by the 1970s there had been more such as progressive rock, glam rock, soft and hard rock (that are even common today), early

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex Essay examples -- Oedipus the King Oedip

Dramatic Irony in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   M. H. Abrams defines dramatic irony as a situation wherein:      Ã¢â‚¬Å"the audience or reader shares with the author knowledge of present or future circumastances of which a character is ignorant; in that situation, the character unknowingly acts in a way we recognize to be grossly inappropriate to the actual circumstances, or expects the opposite of what we know that fate holds in store, or says something that anticipates the actual outcome, but not aat all in the way that the character intends†(137).    Let us explore that feature in Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex.      From the very outset of the tragedy, Sophocles relies on heavy irony. E. T. Owens in â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus† comments:    We must bear in mind that Sophocles builds his effects on the audience’s presumed knowledge of the outcome. He   has therefore constructed these early scenes also to get the most out of the ironic contrast between appearance and reality. For there is here the opportunity not only of progressively sharpening and deepening the â€Å"irony,† but of prolonging suspense, keeping the audience breathlessly waiting for the expected blow to fall† (32).    The protagonist’s fortunes are never higher than at the outset of the drama. The rising action has already occurred with his destruction of the Sphinx and his election as king. This is the high point of Oedipus’ fortunes, to which he will never return. At the outset of Oedipus Rex the reader sees a king who comes to the door full of curiosity: â€Å"Explain your mood and purport. Is it dread /Of ill that moves you or a boon ye crave?† When the priest, referring to Oedipus as â€Å"savior,† has responded that the people are despairing... ... of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Owens, E. T.. â€Å"Drama in Sophocles’ Oedipus Tyrannus.† In Twentieth Century Interpretations of Oedipus Rex, edited by Michael J. O’Brien. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1968.    Segal, Charles. Oedipus Tyrannus: Tragic Heroism and the Limits of Knowledge. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1993.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. no pag. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi    Van Nortwick, Thomas.   Oedipus: The Meaning of a Masculine Life. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998.

Report on Prime Bank

CHAPTER-SIX SERVICES OFFERED BY FOREIGN EXCHANGE DIVISION 5. 1 Meaning of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange means exchange foreign currency between two countries. If we consider ‘Foreign Exchange’ as a subject, then it means all kind of transactions related to foreign currency. In other wards foreign exchange deals with foreign financial transactions. H. E. Evitt defined â€Å"Foreign Exchange† as the means and methods by which rights to wealth expressed in terms of the currency of one country are converted into rights to wealth in terms of the currency of another country 5. 2-Activities of foreign exchange: There are three kinds of foreign exchange transactions: Import. Export. Remittance. 5. 3 Local Regulations for foreign exchange. Foreign exchange transactions are being controlled by the following rules & regulations: ? Foreign Exchange regulation act 1947. ? Bangladesh Bank issues foreign exchange circular from time to time to control the export, import & remittance business. ? Ministries of commerce issues export & import policy giving basic formalities for import & export business. ? Sometime CCI&E issues public notice for any kind of change in foreign exchange transaction. Bangladesh bank published two volumes in 1996. This is compilation of the instructions to be followed by the authorized dealers in transitions related to foreign exchange. 5. 4 Parties involved in Documentary Credit: The parties are: ? The Issuing Bank, ? The Confirming Bank, if any, and ? The Beneficiary. ? The Applicant, ? The Advising Bank, ? The Nominated Paying/ Accepting Bank, and ? The Transferring Bank, if any. i. Importer – Buyer Who applies for opening the L/C. ii. Issuing Bank – It is the bank which opens/issues a L/C on behalf of the importer. ii. Confirming Bank – It is the bank, which adds its confirmation to the credit and it is done at the request of issuing bank. Confirming bank may or may not be advising bank. iv. Advising / Notifying Bank – is the bank through which the L/C is advised to the exporters. This bank is actually situated in exporters country. It may also assume the role of confirming and / or negotiating bank depending upon the condition of the credit. v. Negotiating Bank – is the bank, which negotiates the bill and pays the amount of the beneficiary. The advising bank and the negotiating bank may or may not be the same. Sometimes it can also be confirming bank. vi. Paying / Accepting Bank – is the bank on which the bill will be drawn (as per condition of the credit). Usually it is the issuing bank. vii. Reimbursing bank – is the bank, which would reimburse the negotiating bank after getting payment – instructions from issuing bank. 5. 5 IMPORT: Under the import policy of Bangladesh the Importer has get the valid Import Registration Certificate (IRC) from the Chief Control of Import & Export (CCI&E). 5. 5. 1- Letter of credit: Letter of Credit means any arrangement whereby a Bank (the issuing Bank) is committed (on behalf of the buyer/applicant) to pay certain amount at the seller’s disposal under some agreed conditions. 5. 5. 2 – Types of documentary credit: Documentary credit may be of three types. †¢ Revocable credit. †¢ Irrevocable credit. †¢ Add confirmed credit. Revocable credit: This type of credit can be cancelled or amended at any time by the issuing Bank without prior notice to the seller. It is not now in use. Irrevocable credit: This type of credit can’t be cancelled or amended by the issuing Bank without the agreement of parties concerned thereto. All the credits issued in our country are of irrevocable nature. Add confirmed credit: When a third Bank provides guarantee to the beneficiary to make payment, if issuing Bank fail to make payment, the L/C is called confirmed L/C. In case of a confirmed L/C a third Bank adds their confirmation to the beneficiary, to make payment, in addition to that of issuing Bank. Confirmed L/C gives the beneficiary a double assurance of payment. 5. 5. 3 Special documentary credit. There are some other special documentary credits that are given below: †¢ Revolving credit. †¢ Transferable credit. Back- to- Back credit. Revolving credit: Which provides for restoring the credit to the original amount after it has been utilized. Transferable credit: If the word ‘Transferable’ incorporated in an L/C, then the L/C is transferable. The first beneficiary can transfer transferable L/C to second beneficiary. But second beneficiary cannot transfer it further to another beneficiary. Back -To- Back credit: The Back To Back is a new credit opened on the bases of an original credit in favor of other beneficiary; under this concept the seller of the first credit offers it as security to the issuing Bank for the assurance of the second credit. The beneficiary of the back-to-back credit may be located inside or outside the original beneficiary’s country. 5. 5. 4 Operations of Documentary Letters of Credit: The following five major steps are involved in the operation of a documentary letter of credit: ? Opening. ? Advising. ? Amendment. ? Presentation. ? Settlement. Opening of Letter of Credit: Opening of letter of credit means, at the request of the applicant (importer) issuance of a L/C in favour of the beneficiary (exporter) by a Bank. The Bank, which open or issue L/C opening Bank or issuing Bank. L/C Advising: Advising through a Bank is a proof of evident authenticity of the credit to the seller. The process of advising a credit consists of forwarding the original credit to the beneficiary to whom it is addressed. Before forwarding the advising Bank verify the signature (s) of the officer (s) of the issuing Bank & ensure that the terms & condition are not in violation of existing exchange control regulation & the other regulation relating to export. If credit is transmitted via telex, advising Bank will match the test used in the telex. Amendment of Credit: Parties involved in a L/C, particularly the seller and the buyer, cannot always satisfy the terms and conditions in full as expected due to some obvious and genuine reasons. In such a situation, the credit should be amended. Presentation of Document: The seller being satisfied with the terms and conditions of the credit proceeds to dispatch the required goods the buyer and after that, has to present the documents evidencing dispatching of goods to the negotiating bank on or before the stipulated expiry date of the credit. After receiving the entire document, the negotiating bank then checks the documents against the credit. If the documents are found in order, the bank will pay, accept or negotiate to the issuing bank. The issuing bank also checks the documents and if they are found as per credit requirements, either effects payment, or reimburse in the pre-agreed manner. Lodgment: If import documents found in order, it to be made entry in the bill register and necessary voucher to be passed, putting bill number on the documents, these processes is called lodgment of the bill. Since the documents stay at this stage for a temporary period i. . up to retirement of the documents, the process is called lodgment. Bank must lodge the documents immediate after receipt of the dame, not exceeding seven (7) Banking days, following the day of receipt of the documents. Retirement of Import documents: When the importer releases the import document from the Bank by acceptance/cash payment or under post import Bank finance it is known as retirement of the import document. Refusal Notice: After examination, if the documents become discrepant, issuing Bank will through the refusal notice to the negotiating Bank with seven Banking days. Settlement: Settlement means fulfilling the commitment of issuing Bank in regard to effecting payment subject to satisfying the credit terms fully. This settlement may be done three separate arrangements as stipulated in the credit. 5. 6 Import Financing: The post import finance extends the import credit in the following forms: ? PAD (Payment against documents). ? LTR (Loan against trust receipt). ? LIM (Loan against import merchandise) 5. 6. 1 Payment Against Document (PAD): PAD Loan is created upon lodgment of import documents. This Loan is created for 21 days -the time being the tolerance for taking documents for the importer. If after 21 days the documents are not taken by the importer, the Bank may sell the imported goods to recover the given amount. 5. 6. 2 Loan Against Trust Receipt (L. T. R): Under this, Loan is allowed only to first class importers. Here only on the basis of trust without paying the Bank anything or a partial amount, the importer takes the documents. Then importer is allowed 60-90 days time to make payment. 5. 6. 3. Loan Against Imported Merchandise (LIM): Advance (Loan) against the security of merchandise imported through the Bank may be allowed either on pledge or hypothecation of goods, retaining margin prescribed on their Landed Cost, depending on their categories and Credit Restriction imposed by the Bangladesh Bank. Bank shall also obtain a letter of undertaking and indemnity from the parties, before getting the goods cleared through LIM Account. 5. 7 Export Under the export policy of Bangladesh, the exporter has to get the valid export registration certificate (ERC) from chief controller of export & import (CCI&E). The ERC is required to renew every year. The ERC number is to be incorporated on export Form & other paper connected with exports. 5. 7. 1-Receiving the letter of credit: After getting contract for sale, exporter should ask the buyer for L/C clearly stating terms & condition of export & payment. 5. 7. 2 – Procuring the materials: After knowing that the L/C has opened in his favor, the next step for the exporter is to set about the task of procuring or manufacturing the contracted merchandise. If the exporter has to procure the raw materials from another supplier (local or abroad) he has to open Back-to-Back L/C. 5. . 3 -Back-to-Back L/C: Back-to-Back L/C is one type of L/C, which is opened against lien on a valid export L/C. It is opened for inland & abroad as well. Bank will supply the following papers/documents for opening a Back-to-Back L/C: ? L/C application form. ? LCA form. ? IMP form. ? Charge document papers. The above papers must be completed, filled & signed by the party thereto. The party will submit the e ntire filled document along with application in printed form of the designated Bank. Which is also an agreement between applicant & the Bank. Procuring the materials: After making the deal & on having the L/C opened in his favor, the next step for the exporter is to set about the task of procuring or manufacturing the contracted merchandise. 5. 8 Export Financing An exporter is one who exports the goods to another customer whether in domestic country or in abroad. In exporting the stipulated goods he may require financing. So export financing may be required at two stages. Pre shipment credit. Post shipment credit 5. 8. 1 Pre shipment credit: Pre shipment credit is the credit, which is given to finance the export activities of an exporter for the actual shipment of goods. The purpose of each credit is to meet the working capital needs from the procuring of raw materials to the transportation of goods for the export the foreign country. Before sanctioning of that credit the Bank takes into consideration the credit worthiness, export performance of the exporters together worthiness all other information required for sanctioning the credit in accordance with the existing rules & regulations. Pre shipment credit takes the following forms: ? Export cash credit (Hypothecation). ? Export cash credit (Pledge). ? Export packing credit. ? Back-to-Back letter of credit. Export cash credit (Hypothecation): Under this arrangement the Bank sanction the Loan to the first class exporter because there is no security against this Loan. The letter of hypothecation creates a charge against the merchandise in favor of the Bank but neither the ownership not the possession is passed to it ( Export cash credit (Pledge): Under this arrangement the Bank advance Loan to exporte r against pledge of raw materials or exportable goods. The exporter surrenders the physical possession of goods under Bank’s effective control till the payment of dues to the Bank as security. If the exporter does not able to pay the Loan the Bank can sell the exportable goods to recover the amount. ( Packing credit: Under this arrangement credit facilities are extended against security of Railway receipt/Steamer receipt/Truck receipt/Vessel receipt, evidencing transportation of goods to the port for shipment of the goods in addition to the usual charge documents & lien of export letter of credit. This type of credit is sanctioned for transitional period from dispatch of goods to negotiations of export documents. It is mainly given for payment of factory salary & wages. ( Back to back letter of credit: Under this arrangement the Bank Finances export business by opening a letter of credit on behalf of the exporter who has received a letter of credit from the overseas buyer but not the actual manufacturer or producer of these exportable goods. Since the second letter of credit is opened on the strength of & backed by another letter of credit, it is called â€Å"Back to back† credit. The need for a back-to-back letter of credit arises because the beneficiary of the original letter of credit may have to procure the goods from actual producer who may not supply the goods unless the Bank guarantees its payment. . 8. 2- Post Shipment Credit: There is a time gap between export of the goods and realization of the proceeds. So exporter may require finance in that period to continue his business. So Bank may finance against export documents ensuring the following: 1. Export documents comply the credit terms. 2. Party’s past performance is satisfactory. 3. Any other security in c ase of export under contract. 5. 9 Foreign Remittance Foreign remittance means remittance of foreign currencies from one place/person to another place/person. In broad sense, foreign remittance includes all sale and purchase of foreign currencies on account of Import, Export, Travel and other purposes. However, specifically foreign remittance means sale & purchase of foreign currencies for the purposes other than export and import. PBL performs the remittance function with different countries. It maintains the foreign remittance in the following form: Foreign Demand Draft. Inward Outward. 5. 9. 1 – Foreign Demand Draft (FDD): A foreign demand draft is a negotiable instrument issued by a Bank drawn on ther Bank with another country the instruction to pay a certain amount to the beneficiary on demand. Remittance through demand draft may be inward or outward. 5. 9. 2 – Inward Remittance Inward remittance refers to the extent where the Bank makes payment to the client against foreign demand draft. Bank will make payment to the client by verifying the, test number, and signature of the authorized officer. Two forms as prescribed b y Bangladesh Bank are used for purchase of Foreign Currencies such as. EXP Form: Remittances received against exports of goods from Bangladesh are done by form EXP. Form C: Inward remittances equivalent to US$2000/- and above are done by Form† C†. However, declaration in Form C is not required in case of remittances by Bangladesh Nationals working abroad. 5. 9. 3 – Outward Remittance It refers to the extent where by the Bank issues foreign demand draft. The Bank charges TK. 300 per Demand Draft. Two forms are used for Outward remittance: IMP Form: All outward remittance on account of Imports is done by form IMP. T. M. Form: For all other outward remittances form T. M. is used. 5. 9. 4 -Collection of foreign currency instruments: To collect proceed of Foreign Instrument following procedures to be maintained: 1. Receive instrument with deposit slip. 2. Affix crossing stamp of the Bank. 3. Entry in the register putting IBCA number. 4. Affix endorsement â€Å"pay to the order of any Bank or trust company, prior endorsement guaranteed†. 5. Instrument to be sent to adjacent correspondents. 5. 9. 5 Miscellaneous Services given by this Department: |Student |Students who are desirous to study abroad can open file in the bank. By opening this file, bank assures the | |File |remittance of funds in abroad for study. |NRIT |‘Non –resident Investors’ Taka Account is an account by which Non-resident Bangladeshi can deposit foreign | |Account |currency for | | |investment in security of stock exchanges. For such accountholders, 5% of primary shares are reserved. | |F. C. |Foreign Currency accounts are opened in the names of Bangladeshi nationals or persons of Bangladeshi origin | |Account |workin g or self-employed in abroad and are maintained as long as the account holders’ desire. |NFCD |Stands for Non-resident Foreign Currency Deposit Eligible | | |Persons may open such accounts even after their return to Bangladesh, within six months of their arrival. | |RFCD |Stands for Resident Foreign Currency Accounts Persons ordinarily resident in Bangladesh may maintain foreign | |Accounts |currency accounts with foreign exchange brought in at the time of their return to Bangladesh from visit | | |abroad. Balance of such accounts is freely remittable to abroad. CHAPTER-SEVEN PROBLEMS & OPPORTUNITIES Problems and opportunities of prime bank limited are discussed through the sowt analysis which is given below: SOWT Analysis: By analysing the Bank’s performance, I get the following Strength opportunity, weakness and threat (SOWT). Strength: It has well reputation in the market Not engaged in unfair business practice. Officers are highly educated. Executives are highly qu alified and experienced. Bank has many attractive deposit schemes. Well-furnished and Air-conditioned Bank. Efficient management practice in the Bank. Faster (T24) software is under implementation. In Singapore there is a PRIME EXCHANGE HOUSE. In CAMEL rating Bank achieved as No. 1 Bank. Percentage of bad loss is very significant (prox. 2%) Membership with SWIFT. Good Banker-customer relationship. Weakness: Deposit is lower than advance. Long-term credit is not sufficient. Small market shares in Banking-business. In present time Bank facing liquidity problem. Daily basis interest on deposit offered by other banks. Existing PCB software does not fulfill all requirement Opportunities: Can increase the credit scheme. Can increase the advertising of the Bank. Private Banks becomes more reliable to local public. Govt. as banned some ‘Jatiya Sanchaya patra’. Threat: There are many competitors in the market. Competitors have more deposit. Govt. imposes tax and VAT on profile. Govt. pressures to reduce interest rate. CHAPTER –EIGHT CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION Conclusion: Bank is the largest organization of mobilizing surplus domestic savings. Attractive Savings Sche mes are offered by PBL such as Contributory Savings Scheme, Monthly Benefit Deposit Scheme, Special Deposit Scheme, Education Savings Scheme, Fixed Deposit Scheme, Prime Bank Money Scheme, Prime Bank Insured Fixed Deposit Scheme as well as different accounts to save money. Schemes are designed concentrating in different purposes to help the fixed income group people to help in need. Bank-Officials are also whole-hearted and dedicated to serve their customer with utmost care. Credit Management policies and techniques used in PBL at present no doubt is comparable to international standards. The officials follow the policy very strictly. They are choosy and conservative in sanctioning loan. The proposal is thoroughly scrutinized by the loan sanctioning authority. The total function of the credit division is monitored periodically. The bank’s classified loan to the total Advance is very low. Management and others related to Prime Bank are trying to formulate new services and products. PBL always try to increase foreign exchange through import, export and remittance. This bank always conceives amicable behaviour with exporters and helps them in their business activities as a trustee friend. It encourage importer to import goods in legal procedure and provide financial assistance for doing business smoothly. This bank contribute to our economy in a great deal by transacting remittance from different countries. Keeping this thought in the management’s mind they made different deed with several foreign banks in abroad to collect money from our service holders and remit it to our country through this bank. In Singapore bank open a â€Å"PRIME EXCHANGE HOUSE† to help our people who employed in that country. Recommendation: Prime Bank Ltd. is one of the most potential Banks in the banking sector. It has a large portfolio with huge assets to meet up its liabilities and the management of this bank is equipped with the expert bankers and managers in all level of management. So it is not an easy job to find out the drawbacks of this branch. I would rather feel like producing my personal opinion about the ongoing practices in Motijheel Branch. For the improvement of the service the following measures should be taken: ? Providing more industrial loans: It seemed to me that the bank having a large amount of deposit is not encouraging the large scale producers that much of long term industrial loans to accelerate the economy as well as to help the economy to solve unemployment problem. ? Ensure Proper Division of manpower In The Desk: There is lack of division of manpower in the branch. Therefore every body has to handle every type of banking services. This decreases the level of performance of the personnel, though it reduces monotonousness. But lack of division of manpower hampers the discipline of working environment. So customers are to wait for some time for the desired service, which is contrary to the Baking’s objective. ? Development of Human Resources: Human resource is another sector for the branch to be developed urgently. Human resources, in the branch, need to be equipped with adequate banking knowledge. Majority of the human resources must be having basic knowledge regarding money, banking, finance and accounting. Without proper knowledge in these subjects, efficiency cannot be optimised. Bank can arrange training program on these subjects. ? Ensure Proper Maintenance of Files: Prime Bank Ltd. gives personalized services. All the officers have to give concentration to the customers, while doing this they cannot properly maintain the customer files. In many cases, application forms are not properly filled up and documents are not properly filed. Every staff should try to reduce these irregularities. ? Ensure Proper Maintenance of Office Premises: Motijheel Br. is supposed to be very neat and clean and well decorated. But sometimes it loses its glamour. The facility staffs are not regular in their duties and files and papers are kept here and there by the officers during the busy hour. This habit must be changed. Moreover, the sitting arrangement is very insufficient comparing with the number of customers. So Motijheel Br. Of PBL must pay attention to this issue. ? Ensure Proper Communication System and Maintenance of Machineries: Most of the time the branch’s computers remain out of order and it is also true for the photocopiers. Attention should be given on proper maintenance of phone, computer, fax machine and photocopier. Ensure Sufficient Forms and Brochures: There are always shortages of application forms, brochures, etc. in the branch. These Forms and Brochures must be maintained in sufficient quantity. Otherwise, customer service will be hampered ? Offer Some Loan and Deposit Scheme Exclusively for The Premium Customers: All the lending and savings packages offered to the Premium cu stomers are same as offered to the general customers, excepting the waiver of service charges for Premium Ones. Prime Bank Limited should try to introduce more attractive lending and savings scheme to its Premium customers to create more business for the Bank. The Bank can pay more attention to this segment of customers, as it is the most solvent group from which income can be generated if the package is designed properly. ? Implement T24 software more quickly: Bank’s implementation of T24 software and data migration activities should continue more quickly because day to day overhead cost increases for that purpose. ? More Gifts and Discounts for The Marginal Customers: Premium Customer should be offered occasional gifts and discounts, which can make the Premium Service more attractive and keep consumer delight. The interest rates on several loan and deposit schemes should be differentiated for the Premium customers Reference By: Peter Rose. By: L. R. Chowdhury. Consultation with the Following Persons ? Iftekher Uddin, SAVP and In-Charge of General Banking Division Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Mohammad Faruq, SAVP and In-Charge of Foreign Exchange Division. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? A. K. M. Jan-e ALAM,AVP; and In-Charge of Credit Division Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Hafizur Rahman Mollik, FAVP; Supervisor of L/C opening. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Afzalun-Nnhar,FAVP. General Banking Division,Motijheel Br. PBL. Arif Hasan Khan, EO, Credit Division, motijheel Br. PBL. ? Mohammad Abdul Matin; Principal Officer, Credit division, Head office ,PBL. ? Masum Mahmud Baqui, Principal Officer, Corporate Banking, Head Office, PBL. ? Fahmida Sultana, Officer; General Banking Division, Motijheel Br. PBL. ? MD. Rashedul Hasan Khan, Joiner Officer, General Banking Division. Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Khaleda Farhana, Jonier Officer, Gene ral Banking Division; Motijheel Br. PBL. ? Zahid Hasan; Junior Officer; Accounts Section; Motijheel Branch; PBL. ———————– Issuing Bank (Bangladesh) Advising Bank (India) Reimbursing Bank (Japan) Negotiating Bank (India)

Reflection On Separation Anxiety Disorder - 1315 Words

Close your eyes and think back to your first day of school. Were you excited, nervous or both? After your parent(s) or guardian(s) dropped you off or placed you on the bus, were you scared that you would never see them again? The first day of school can be exciting for many children, but can also be the scariest moment of a young child’s life. During such moments, a child may fear that their parent or guardian is leaving them for good and cause anxiety in the child. The anxiety starts to develop as the child is continually separated from their loved ones and thus develops into separation anxiety. Separation anxiety disorder (SAD), as defined by Christopher A. Kearney in the article Separation Anxiety Disorder in Young Children, refers to†¦show more content†¦Other development theories suggest that separation anxiety occurs with separation from the mother and the child rather than any care giver (Stone 2015). The connection between the mother and child is incredibly important and is central to the psychological development of the child. When the relationship between mother and child is inadequate it can cause anxiety and stress in the child, which can lead to SAD. Additionally, parenting styles are also known to cause separation anxiety in children. For example, a mother who is over protective or has her own separation anxiety can cause dependency in the child. This in turn will cause separation anxiety in the child when they are away from the mother because of the mother’s constant need to be with the child. Object relations theory is what this type of develop of separation anxiety is known as (Stone 2015). Children who are also in an unstable home can develop separation anxiety. Children who are affected by symptoms of SAD are deeply concerned about the stability of their family. When children are constantly worried about the stability of their family they can develop anxiety and fear. Children want to live in a healthy and stable home, but if they are consistently insecure of their family they can develop anxiety. The consistency of their insecurities and worry will in turn develop into separation anxiety. How are these symptoms measured and howShow MoreRelatedThe Anxiety Cure941 Words   |  4 PagesTheory Critique: The Anxiety Cure By Dr. Archibald D. Hart _________________ Presented to Assistant Professor Max Mills Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Lynchburg, VA __________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the requirements for the course PACO 507 Theology and Spirituality in Counseling ________________________ By December 12, 2010 The Anxiety Cure By Dr. Archibald D. Hart Concise Summary: Dr. Archibald Hart brings gives his contributionRead MoreI Am Not From The Middle Class1309 Words   |  6 Pagesparts of town nobody wishes to live in with 3 siblings, 2 that I helped raise and parents that were never together. I am living with bipolar disorder and anxiety. 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